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A DNA sequence encoding the human MIP-1b protein sequence (containing the signal peptide sequence, and the mature human MIP-1 beta sequence) was expressed in modified human 293 cells.

Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP-1 beta; MIP-1b) belongs to the chemokine family. Chemokines are small secreted molecules containing 4 conserved cysteine residues and 2 disulfide linkages. The first two cysteine residues of chemokine molecules may be in one of the following configurations, CC or CXC and this defines the two major chemokine sub-families. MIP-1 beta is a CC chemokine and its recent designation is chemokine ligand 4, (CCL4). MIP-1 beta is expressed from activated monocytes, T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, NK cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and its expression can be inhibited by IL-10 and IL-4. It is also expressed from non-immune somatic cells such as brain endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, the pineal gland, prostate cells, the liver, spleen and fetal microglial cells. MIP-1 beta exhibits chemotactic properties for monocytes, T-lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, immature dendritic cells and NK cells, and plays a role in the transendothelial migration and activation of monocytes, T-lymphocytes, neutrophils and dendritic cells. MIP-1 beta is synthesized as a precursor protein of 92 amino acids that includes a cleaved 23 amino acid signal sequence. It has a molecular mass of approximately 8 kDa and may exist as a symmetrical homodimer or as a heterodimer with the related chemokine, MIP-1 alpha. For further information on the role of MIP-1 beta in HIV infection, refer to Jennes W (2004) AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 20(10): 1087-91.